由于愚蠢,买了纽约爱乐乐团周五早晨11点的票,是爱乐乐团艺术总监马泽尔指挥的贝多芬和柴科夫斯基音乐节(Beethoven & Tchaikovsky Festival)的一部分。纽约爱乐乐团2007-08演出季的演出本周开始,开幕的节目是马泽尔指挥的德沃夏克的重要作品,有马友友出演。无福在埃里斯.费舍尔音乐厅里享受的观众,可以在林肯中心的广场上观看大屏幕的直播,效果很好,而且有清风明月为伴,格外浪漫和悠闲。
周五的演出包括了Luigi Boccherini 的Four Original Versions of the Ritirata notturna di Mardrid (Nocturnal Retreat from Madrid) by Luciano Berio, superimposed and transcribed from Orchestra, Beethoven 的Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61 (1806), 和Tchaikovsky 的Symphony No. 2 in C Minor, Op. 17. Little Russian。我买的是学生票,在Orchestra Front,居然就在第一排,我和舞台的距离只有50厘米。正对面坐着一个傲慢的亚裔小提琴手,不耐烦地等着演出的开始。演出开始之前,我和一对大概是来自俄罗斯的老夫妇攀谈起来。两个人也是乐迷,而且是歌剧迷,一个劲儿地向我推荐大都会歌剧院最新突出的HD program,据说和在现场收看的效果一样好。两个人提到他们1977年来纽约,那个时候还买不起26美元的歌剧票,现在退休了,却可以提着卖菜的篮子到这里来听晨间的音乐会。潇洒的人生原来是从退休开始的。我回头看看,果然后面多是花白的头发,能够在周五的早晨,心无顾忌地来听音乐会的,除了我这种闲人,大概就是退休的老年人了。
大师马泽尔终于登台了,站在离我们10米远的台上。Nocturnal Retreat from Madrid 从弦乐四重奏改编而来,其实是一个小品,美则美,实在太短了,远处军队的军鼓声刚刚接近,不久就远去了。
Beethoven 的Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 61 (1806) 是一部重头戏,纽约爱乐乐团延请了小提琴奇才LISA BATIASHVILI (violin, born in 1979 in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia)来担任小提琴独奏。根据爱乐乐团的介绍,
“It has been called “the Mount Everest of violin concertos” and his “tenth symphony with violin obbligato.” It is Beethoven’s only one for that instrument. Completing the concerto at the last minute for his friend and formidable violin prodigy Franz Clement (1780-1842), Beethoven gave the soloist no time to properly prepare for the premiere. And, as was the case with many other Beethoven works, this concerto’s manuscript bristled with changes in chalk, pencil, and ink. In what must be one of the most notorious premieres of any concerto, Clement got through his demanding part, and allegedly decided to insert his own sonata on the G-string between the Allegro and the Larghetto, playing it with the violin held upside down. The concerto is a bravura composition, longer by far than concertos that had come before and with startling emotional scope. Starting with soft taps on the timpani—a recurrent motif that is integral to the work’s fabric—it unfolds as a marvelous exchange between soloist and orchestra into a work that has thrilled audiences for generations.”
BATIASHVILI年轻貌美,身材瘦弱,简直难以想象她纤细的手臂如何能够完成40多分钟不间断的独奏演出。她的琴弓在G弦上随意跳动,灵动跳脱,和整个管弦乐队呼应。管弦乐队史诗性的宏伟叙事和独奏小提琴充满灵感的对话,带给整部作品新鲜和丰富的感觉。
整个音乐会的高潮在柴科夫斯基的Symphony No. 2 in C Minor, Op. 17. Little Russian。这部被称为“小俄罗斯”的作品充满了俄罗斯风情,它取材于小俄罗斯(即今日乌克兰地区)的民间音乐。柴科夫斯基曾经和他的妹妹和妹婿一起到乌克兰游历,居住在基辅附近,在那里接触到当地的民间音乐。这部谱写于1872年的作品酝酿于乌克兰的夏天,完成于1872年11月的莫斯科。柴科夫斯基的第二交响乐中包括了几首乌克兰民歌,例如“Down by Mother Volga”,“Spin, O my Spinner”,“The Crane”。柴科夫斯基当时对这部作品非常满意,但是1879年他进行了彻底的重写,改变这部作品的第一乐章,并销毁了原稿。当时的俄罗斯有两个相互竞争的音乐集团,一个是以“俄罗斯五人集团”(Russian Five)为代表的国粹派,他们支持用民歌作为音乐的素材来进行创作。另一派是以柴科夫斯基为代表的植根于主流西方音乐传统之中的创作者。柴科夫斯基的这部作品表明他对于俄罗斯的民间音乐同样具有深厚的爱和敏锐的体察力,他也可以创作出带有俄罗斯文化底蕴的作品。
“What endeared the Little Russian to The Five (or kuchka, as the group was also called) was not that Tchaikovsky used Russian folk songs but, especially in the outer movements, how he allowed the unique characteristics of Russian folk song to dictate symphonic form. This was one of the goals toward which the kucha strived. Tchaikovsky, with his Conservatory grounding, could sustain such development longer and more cohesively, but writing in this vein also had its pitfalls. The symphony's most arresting movement is the scherzo. The source for that movement's special character may lie in Tchaikovsky's closer association with The Five.
In 1869 Borodin's First Symphony received its permiere. Tchaikovsky's new acquaintance with the group, and their enthusiasm for his fantasy-overture Romeo and Juliet would probably in turn have drawn his attention to their works. In 1872 the relationship seemed to be thriving, so the question becomes whether the Little Russian's scherzo would have turned out the same had Borodin's First Symphony not existed. Especially striking in both scherzos is a harmonic boldness and a quietly elemental rhythmic pulse. Both contain the energy that which the scherzo of Tchaikovsky's First Symphony sorely lacked.”
作品的开头出人意表,由铜管乐独奏打开了整部作品的开端。在庄严肃穆的表层之下,是感情的湍流,那些色彩丰富的旋律带有俄罗斯民族音乐所独有的哀伤气质。第三和第四乐章的开头极端令人兴奋,似乎酝酿着不可抑制的激情。柴科夫斯基没有试图去整合那些冲突和竞争的主题,而是任由它们冲撞、对抗,将作品带到新的高度。我旁边的那位俄罗斯老先生激动极了,他自始至终都没有注视舞台,而是笔者双眼、凝神倾听,完全沉浸在自己的音乐世界里。他的手跟着音乐的流动而颤抖,他的头兴奋地回应着舞台上的音乐和他记忆中的声音。在那一刻,他似乎不是在欣赏现场的音乐会,而是让他体内的这部作品复活,他内在和外在的声音交融、对流。我简直难以把这部作品和几个月前欣赏的柴科夫斯基的《罗密欧和朱丽叶》联系在一起。这两部作品好像是由不同的作曲家完成的,一部以西方古典音乐语言写就,而另一部充满了本土的色彩和语言。但是,转念一想,二者都在反复揣摩和吟咏着人类的感情的不同侧面。此外,在作曲的技巧和情绪的宣泄方面,二者都是带有试验性质的作品。无论使用何种音乐语言,柴科夫斯基都能够自在地表达出他内心最诚挚的体验。在这一点上,他不再是一个普通的音乐人,而是具有承前启后的音乐巨人。
马泽尔在短短的两个小时之内,指挥了三部风格迥异的作品。这位在美国本土出生和接受音乐教育的大师不仅是美国音乐届的瑰宝,也是世界古典乐坛的领军人物。他执掌纽约爱乐乐团5年以来,指挥乐团尝试了许多新的音乐风格和作品,首演了不少当代作曲家的作品,在欧洲和亚洲的许多国家进行了巡回演出。除了纽约爱乐乐团,他还指导过巴伐利亚交响乐团,维也纳歌剧院,匹兹堡交响乐团,克里夫兰交响乐团等等。作为资深的音乐人,他不仅具有指挥的天分,而且乐于将一些不甚著名的交响乐作品介绍给广大音乐爱好者。在这一点上,他是一个爱乐人和关爱爱乐人的人。
据说马泽尔2008年之后将要退休,届时40岁的青年指挥Alan Gilbert将要接任音乐总监和指挥的职位。Gilbert是真正意义上的纽约爱乐乐团之子。他的父母,Yoko Takebe and Michael Gilbert,均为乐团的小提琴手。纽约时报曾经专访Gilbert,询问他对此任命的看法,他说,这不仅是美梦成真,而且是一个他不敢梦想的美梦成为了现实。
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